Friday, July 24, 2009
PExam - Fixed Iteration
CODE:
f=inline(' 1/(x+1) ');
fa=inline(' x^2+x+1 ');
delta=10^-10;
ya=1;
n=100;
disp('iteration a ya b ');
%ya=a;
for k=1:n
a=ya;
ya=feval(f,a)
b=a-ya;
d= [k,a,ya,b];
disp(d);
if abs(b)< delta,break,end
end
OUTPUT:
iteration a ya b
ya =
0.5000
1.0000 1.0000 0.5000 0.5000
ya =
0.6667
2.0000 0.5000 0.6667 -0.1667
ya =
0.6000
3.0000 0.6667 0.6000 0.0667
ya =
0.6250
4.0000 0.6000 0.6250 -0.0250
ya =
0.6154
5.0000 0.6250 0.6154 0.0096
ya =
0.6190
6.0000 0.6154 0.6190 -0.0037
ya =
0.6176
7.0000 0.6190 0.6176 0.0014
ya =
0.6182
8.0000 0.6176 0.6182 -0.0005
ya =
0.6180
9.0000 0.6182 0.6180 0.0002
ya =
0.6181
10.0000 0.6180 0.6181 -0.0001
ya =
0.6180
11.0000 0.6181 0.6180 0.0000
ya =
0.6180
12.0000 0.6180 0.6180 -0.0000
ya =
0.6180
13.0000 0.6180 0.6180 0.0000
ya =
0.6180
14.0000 0.6180 0.6180 -0.0000
ya =
0.6180
15.0000 0.6180 0.6180 0.0000
ya =
0.6180
16.0000 0.6180 0.6180 -0.0000
ya =
0.6180
17.0000 0.6180 0.6180 0.0000
ya =
0.6180
18.0000 0.6180 0.6180 -0.0000
ya =
0.6180
19.0000 0.6180 0.6180 0.0000
ya =
0.6180
20.0000 0.6180 0.6180 -0.0000
ya =
0.6180
21.0000 0.6180 0.6180 0.0000
ya =
0.6180
22.0000 0.6180 0.6180 -0.0000
ya =
0.6180
23.0000 0.6180 0.6180 0.0000
ya =
0.6180
24.0000 0.6180 0.6180 -0.0000
ya =
0.6180
25.0000 0.6180 0.6180 0.0000
Thursday, August 30, 2007
CSCI01 Exercise
(A microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single semiconducting integrated circuit (IC). The microprocessor was born by reducing the word size of the CPU from 32 bits to 4 bits, so that the transistors of its logic circuits would fit onto a single part. One or more microprocessors typically serve as the CPU in a computer system, embedded system, or handheld device.)
CISC
Pronounced sisk, and stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions. The philosophy behind it is that hardware is always faster than software, therefore one should make a powerful instructionset, which provides programmers with assembly instructions to do a lot with short programs.
RISC
Pronounced risk, and stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. The philosophy behind it is that almost no one uses complex assembly language instructions as used by CISC, and people mostly use compilers which never use complex instructions. RISC chips require fewer transistors, which makes them easier to design and cheaper to produce.
MEMORY CHIPS
~ Kinds of Memory Chips ~
SIMMS
SIMM stands for Single In-Line Memory Module. With SIMMs, memory chips are soldered onto a modular printed circuit board (PCB), which inserts into a socket on the system board.
DIMMS
Dual In-line Memory Modules, or DIMMs, closely resemble SIMMs. Like SIMMs,
most DIMMs install vertically into expansion sockets. The principal difference
between the two is that on a SIMM, pins on opposite sides of the board are "tied
together" to form one electrical contact; on a DIMM, opposing pins remain electrically
isolated to form two separate contacts.
SO DIMMS
A type of memory commonly used in notebook computers is called SO DIMM or
Small Outline DIMM. The principal difference between a SO DIMM and a DIMM is
that the SO DIMM, because it is intended for use in notebook computers, is
significantly smaller than the standard DIMM.
RIMMS AND SO-RIMMS
RIMM is the trademarked name for a Direct Rambus memory module. RIMMs look
similar to DIMMs, but have a different pin count. RIMMs transfer data in 16-bit chunks.
The faster access and transfer speed generates more heat. An aluminum sheath, called
a heat spreader, covers the module to dissipate heat and protect the chips from
overheating.
EXPANSION SLOTS
( Expansion slots are located on the motherboard, and openings on the back of the computer allow the ports on the cards that go in the slots to be accessed. )
Types of Expansion Slots:
ISA
AGP
PCI
PCIe, which is short for PCIexpress
ISA Slots
ISA slots are an older type of expansion slot, twice as big as PCI slots and slower than PCI slots as well. ISA slots are usually black, while PCI slots are usually white. ISA slots are not used much anymore, but most computers still have at least one of them.
ISA networking cards, ISA sound cards, ISA video cards, and other types of ISA expansion cards can be used in the ISA slots.
PCI Slots
PCI slots can handle 64 bits of data at a time, twice as fast as ISA slots, which can only handle 32 bits of data at a time. PCI is an abbreviation for "Peripheral Component Interconnect." A 64-bit PCI slot has 64 connections to the motherboard, and each connection is capable of handling 1 bit of data at a time. A 32-bit ISA slot has 32 connections to the motherboard, each handling one bit of data at a time.
AGP Slots
The AGP expansion slot connects AGP video cards to the motherboard. AGP is an abbreviation for Accelerated Graphics Port. Most AGP video cards are capable of a higher data transfer rate than PCI video cards. Video cards, like the one shown above, simply plug into an AGP slot and connect a monitor or other video display device to a computer, usually through the VGA port.
PCI express
PCI Express is a new technology that is slowly replacing AGP. PCI Express x16 slots can transfer data at 4GBs per second, which is about twice as fast as an AGP 8x slot! PCIe stands for PCI Express, or PCIexpress. PCI Express slots come in five different sizes and speeds: PCIe x1, PCIe x2, PCIe x4, PCIe x8, and PCIe x16. PCIe x16 slots are used for graphics cards.
BUS ARCHITECTURE
The internal structure of a PC—the way components such as the CPU and the system bus relate to each other—is referred to as the architecture of the system.
Traditional microcomputer architecture has an internal bus that links the CPU with RAM, and an external bus that allows input/output and storage devices to connect to the system bus via expansion slots.
The bus system can be divided into three major components or groups of signals:
Data Bus Lines
Address Bus Lines
Control Bus Lines
It is important to note that the bus signals are used throughout the motherboard and are also available at the expansion slots.
Data Bus
The Data bus is simply a set of electrical lines that allow the CPU to move binary information (logic signals) to or from any part of the system components. For example, data can be transferred from memory to the Disk I/O interface via the data lines.
The number of data lines is determined the type of CPU being used.
Address Bus
The CPU runs programs (instructions and data) that are stored in memory.
The more memory a system has, the greater the flexibility of the system in running large programs and data manipulations.
Memory is configured in such a way that each group of 8 bits (one byte) has a unique location value. This location value is generally referred to as the memory address.
Control Bus
The control bus enables the CPU to monitor and maintain control of the events that occur on the Address and Data Buses.
All events that occur on the Buses are timed by a very stable clock circuit. For example, consider the case where the CPU needs to write data to memory. The basic sequence of events may be as follows:
CPU accesses the memory location by placing the address on the Address Bus.
CPU puts data on the Data Bus.
CPU selects the memory chips to be written to.
CPU activates the 'write' signal on the Control Bus.
Wednesday, August 22, 2007
PF-exer1
An integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar device in the PCI specification.
An expansion card that fits into a socket.
The main benefits are thinner cables that let air cooling work more efficiently, faster transfers, ability to remove devices while operating (Hot swapping), and more reliable operation with tighter data integrity checks.
SYSTEM UNIT
(The main part, processing unit and devices, of a microcomputer is a system unit.)
Motherboard
A Motherboard or system board is the main printed, flat circuit board in an electronic device such as microcomputers. The board contains expansion slots (sockets) that accept additional boards (expansion Cards).
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a processor whose elements are miniaturized into one or a few integrated circuits contained in a single silicon microchip. It executes instructions.
Memory Chip
A memory chip is a chip that holds programs and data either temporarily or permanently. The major categories of memory chips are RAMs and ROMs.
System Clock
The clock is a device that generates periodic, accurately spaced signals used for several purposes such as regulation of the operations of a processor or generation of interrupts.
Ports
A port is an external connecting socket on the outside the computer. This is a pathway into and out of the computer. A port lets users plug in outside peripherals, such as monitors, scanners and printers.Buses
A bus is a data pathway between several hardware components inside or outside a computer. It not only connects the parts of the CPU to each other, but also links the CPU with other important hardware.
Expansion Slots
Expansion slots are receptacles inside a system unit that printed circuit boards (expansion boards)are plugged into. Computer buyers need to look at the number of expansion slots when they buy a computer, because the number of expansion slots decides future expansion.
KEYBOARD
(is a peripheral partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard. Keyboards are designed for the input of text and characters and also to control the operation of a computer.)
Tuesday, July 24, 2007
Major Components of a Computer System
Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft").
SOFTWARE
Computer software, consisting of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to its physical components (hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically designed for. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to run the necessary services for user-interfaces and applications, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
PEOPLEWARE
It is the term which actually used to name the people behind the softwares and hardwares. They can be also the programmers, technicians, or the ones who's using the computers.
Thursday, July 19, 2007
CSCI01- EF Prelim Exam
I'm Jemimah Pamela A. Goc-ong. I'm 17 years of age living at Green Meadows Subd. Tugbok Dist. Mintal, Davao City. I was born on March 23, 1990 in the land of promise- Davao. Everyone call me -jemz-, so you can call me like that too. My parents are Leo Goc-ong and Rose Goc-ong. I only have one sibling and she's a girl. Her name is Keziah Mae.
Most first impression of people to me is that I am not friendly and "masungit". But I'm not. I am friendly and I love to have a lot of friends around me willing to help me in the times I needed them most. I love to surf the net and play online games together with Jessa, Lala and Cris. Others tell me that I'm intelligent but I'm not like that. I just study the things that was discussed and that's it! My score depends on my luck! Hahahaha..^^
When I was in my elementary years, I was studying in DCLC and MILC. In my high school years, I was in DRANHS and for now, still in my college years, I'm pursuing BS Computer Engineering in AMACC Davao. I want to be a successful computer engineer someday working abroad to earn money and give some to my family. I have a lot of dreams to achieve and for now, all I can do is to study hard and get high grades!
____C++ Code and It's Output____
# include
#include
main()
{
int wat, a;
float far;
printf("Enter temperature in Celcius:");
scanf("%d", &a);
far=9*a/5+32;
wat=a+273;
printf("\n\nFahrenheit=%.2f", far);
printf("\n\nKelvin=%d", wat);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter temperature in Celcius: 25
Fahrenheit: 77.00
Kelvin: 298
Tuesday, July 17, 2007
Computer Hardware and Software
Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft").
Exercise 2
---HARDWARE---
__CPU- Central Processing Unit__ |
__RAM- Random Access Memory__ The part of the computer that temporarily holds a program and related files and manipulates data (non permanent). |
---PERIPHERALS---
INPUT DEVICES
__Keyboard__ Keyboards are designed for the input of text and characters and also to control the operation of a computer. |
__Mouse__ A mouse functions as a pointing device by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of a small case, held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons. |
__Scanner__ Scanner is a device that analyzes images, printed text, or handwriting, or an object (such as an ornament) and converts it to a digital image. Most scanners today are variations of the desktop (or flatbed) scanner. |
OUTPUT DEVICES
__Monitor__ Monitor is a piece of electrical equipment which displays viewable images generated by a computer without producing a permanent record. |
__Printer__ Printer produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. |
__Speakers__ Speakers are external speakers, commonly equipped with a low-power internal amplifier. The standard audio connection is a 3.5mm (1/8 inch) stereo jack plug often colour-coded lime green, following the PC 99 standard) for computer sound cards. |
STORAGE DEVICES
__Hard Drive__ Hard drive a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. |
__Floppy Drive__ |
__Zip Drive__ Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system, introduced by Iomega in late 1994. Originally it had a capacity of 100 MB, but later versions increased this to first 250 MB and then 750 MB. |
__CD-ROM__ CD-ROM is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer. While the Compact Disc format was originally designed for music storage and playback, the format was later adapted to hold any form of binary data. CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including games and multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). |